Riot-trained police will be sent to beaches in France as part of a new £662m deal with the UK to stop illegal migrants from crossing the English Channel.
Home Secretary Shabana Mahmood signed the three-year agreement with France on Thursday, which will see at least 50 police officers, trained in "riot and crowd control tactics", drafted in to tackle violence and "hostile crowds".
The deal will involve France deploying millions of pounds worth of drones, two helicopters, and a camera system to intercept people smugglers and illegal migrants.
For the first time, ministers have said around £100m of UK funding could be redirected or withdrawn after a year if not enough journeys are stopped.
The UK government has not confirmed what targets the French would have to meet in order to keep the money.
As part of the agreement, the Home Office also says it is expecting a removal centre in Dunkirk, first announced by the last government in 2023, to be completed by the end of the year.
Once built, the 140-capacity centre, staffed by more than 200 officers, will focus on removing migrants from Eritrea, Afghanistan, Iran, Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Iraq, Syria, Vietnam and Yemen, the department said.
These places represent the top 10 origins of people making small boat crossings last year.
Under the renewed deal, the Home Office wants to see hundred of migrants per year "removed from French beaches" and deported to their home countries, or other EU countries they have passed through.
Speaking at the signing, Mahmood said the deal was a "landmark agreement" that would "really arm us to go after the people smugglers".
In a later interview, the home secretary said the agreement created "flexibility" allowing the authorities to adapt as people smugglers changed their tactics.
"We will keep going - as the business model of the gangs changes, we will change as well in order to disrupt it, to degrade it, to break it down," she added.
French Interior minister Laurent Nunez said: "This new agreement empowers our security forces to continue their crucial work in combating perilous Channel crossings and strengthening the safety of coastal residents."
The Conservatives accused the government of handing over "half a billion pounds of our money with no conditions at all".
Reform UK accused the government of giving France more money "for a system that has already failed".
Crossings in the Channel have increased over the past three years, with 41,472 people arriving in the UK by small boat in 2025. This has prompted criticism that enforcement by French authorities has got worse.
While some UK politicians argue France should be doing more, its government has said police are intercepting boats at sea, aiming to stop them before migrants get onboard.
On Saturday, 602 migrants arrived in Dover on nine boats, bringing the total number of arrivals so far in 2026 to more than 6,000.
Crossings fluctuate throughout the year, with weather conditions often being a factor in the numbers making the journey.
Speaking to the BBC in a migrant camp in northern France, one man said that in France he was homeless, but in the UK he would be able to live "as a normal human being".
Explaining why she hoped to get to the UK, a woman said: "There's a democracy in the UK - everything they give you is good, they protect us."
Under the previous deal, which was signed in 2023, the UK paid £476m to France for extra patrols to disrupt migrant smuggling gangs.
It included unpublished "metrics to measure progress and success", and saw both sides commit to increasing the rate of small boat interceptions.
The arrangement, which saw around 700 law enforcement officers patrolling beaches in France, was expected to expire next month.
The Home Office has said the number of officers sent to curb attempted journeys from northern France to Britain will rise by about 42% when the new agreement comes into force in the summer.
It will involve nearly 1,100 law enforcement, intelligence and military officers in northern France, tasked with tracking down illegal migrants and stopping them boarding boats.
France will also supply a new vessel and more than 20 additional maritime officers to target so-called taxi boats.
Some £501m will be spent on boosting enforcement action on beaches - with additional funding of £160m if the new tactics to curb crossings succeed.
It is the latter amount that could be reduced after a year if there are not significant cuts to small boat crossings.
In the last two months, French authorities are said to have stopped six migrant boats. They returned all migrants to France and sentenced five smugglers to prison and deportation.
But the Conservatives and Reform have both said the UK needs to pull out of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to stop the crossings.
In response to the new deal, Chris Philp, Conservative MP and shadow home secretary, said: "The government's deal hands over half a billion pounds of our money with no conditions at all.
"France only prevented a third of embarkations last year and even let those illegal immigrants go to try again. France shouldn't get a single penny unless they stop the vast majority of the boats."
Reform UK 's home affairs spokesman Zia Yusuf called the deal "astonishing".
"It is an abhorrent misuse of taxpayers' hard-earned money - funding that could instead deliver thousands of new nurses or police officers here in the UK," he said.
The Liberal Democrats have said the only way to properly deter people from making the crossings is to permanently break the criminal gangs business model and agree a large-scale returns agreement with France.
The Refugee Council argued the focus should not be on policing the Channel but on vulnerable people looking for safety.
Imran Hussain, the council's director of external affairs, said: "Policing alone will not prevent desperate people from turning to dangerous small boats in the first place.
"Without safe routes to reach the UK, these men, women and children will be forced into dangerous and potentially deadly small boat crossings."
Meghan Benton, a Paris-based director at the Migration Policy Institute think tank, said it was "not obvious to me that more money and tougher targets will overcome what is a safety concern or risk aversion on the part of the French authorities".
"There is a real floor on how aggressive the French are willing to be," she told BBC Radio 4's Today programme.
She said French police had "moved from never intervening to quite cautiously boarding some boats" but added "they are really very wary of anything that can capsize a crowded boat".
In August 2025, the Labour government signed a separate "one-in-one-out" deal with France, which allows the UK to return some small boat arrivals to France while admitting an equivalent number of migrants from France who have not attempted to come to the UK.
As of February this year, 305 people had been returned to France and 367 people had arrived in the UK under the scheme.
The government said nearly 60,000 illegal migrants and foreign criminals had been removed or deported from the UK since the government took office.
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