The SNP has won a fifth successive Scottish Parliament election, but fallen short of its target of an overall majority at Holyrood.
The party won 58 seats, with 65 needed for a majority.
Labour, who not so long ago harboured ambitions of toppling the SNP, finished a distant second on 17 seats - tied with Reform, who made their electoral breakthrough in Scotland.
The Scottish Greens won a record 15 seats - including their first ever constituency victories.
The Conservatives lost their position as the parliament's largest opposition party, suffering their worst-ever Holyrood election result to finish with 12 seats.
The Liberal Democrats, meanwhile, returned 10 MSPs.
Leader John Swinney had said an SNP majority could pave the way for another independence referendum.
Overall, there is a majority of parties at Holyrood who support Scottish independence - with the SNP and the Greens totalling 73 of the 129 seats.
While the SNP is expected to return to government, it will have to rely on help from other parties to pass legislation.
The SNP leader told BBC Scotland News that his party had won the Holyrood election "hands down".
As a result of this "commanding position", he added "the public expectation will be for me to be returned as first minister and to lead a government".
Along with an SNP victory, it had long been predicted that Reform UK - led in Scotland by former Tory peer Malcolm Offord - would become a major force at Holyrood.
The party, promising tax cuts and action to curb immigration, had never had an MSP elected before - previous MSPs had defected from other parties.
Reform's best hope of a constituency victory - where the candidate with the most votes is elected - was in Banffshire and Buchan Coast, but the party lost out to the SNP by just 364 votes.
Yet the party performed far better on regional lists - where parties that do not fare as well in constituencies can make gains thanks to a more proportional voting system.
Offord, who was elected via the West of Scotland list, told BBC Scotland News he had aimed to get more than 20 MSPs, but that the result would provide "a really good group to establish a base inside Holyrood".
The Reform leader said his party would be "challengers and scrutineers" of the Scottish government.
And he added: "We will be very focused on trying to get Holyrood focused on the day job, on devolved matters and really highlighting the issues that matter to people on the doorsteps: the schools, the roads, the day-to-day matters that Holyrood needs to be focused on."
Reform's success, fracturing the unionist vote, helped the SNP return a swathe of constituency seats despite their share of the vote declining since 2021.
Their major scalp came from Shetland, which had been held by the Lib Dems since the Scottish Parliament reconvened in 1999.
But the SNP did not have it all its own way, losing the Western Isles to Labour, as well as seats in Edinburgh and Glasgow.
The highest-profile election casualty was SNP heavyweight Angus Robertson, who lost Edinburgh Central to former Green co-leader Lorna Slater in the party's first-ever constituency win.
The Greens backed that up in Glasgow Southside, Nicola Sturgeon's old seat, with the party returning a further 13 MSPs on the list.
Co-leader Ross Greer called it a "historic day" for his party.
On a disappointing day for Scottish Labour, Anas Sarwar effectively declared defeat after just seven seats had been announced.
He told reporters that Labour had failed to overcome "a national wave of disappointment", adding: "My party is hurting today and it's my job to hold it together."
His deputy, Jackie Baillie, did manage to hold onto her seat - Dumbarton - which she has held since 1999.
Baillie backed Sarwar to continue as leader, but said voters' perceptions had been "coloured" by the performance of the Labour UK government.
The Scottish Conservatives had enjoyed 10 years as Holyrood's largest opposition party.
That position has been lost - they have dropped into fifth place, as Reform ate into their support.
Leader Russell Findlay, who was returned on the West of Scotland list, said: "While I'm pleased that we won the bulk of the constituencies we were defending, I'm disappointed to have lost so many excellent parliamentary colleagues.
"We warned repeatedly during the campaign that Reform were a gift to the SNP – and so it's proved.
"Despite not winning a single constituency seat, Reform have let the SNP sneak home in several constituencies they would otherwise have lost."
While the Lib Dems lost Shetland, they won seven constituency seats.
Alex Cole-Hamilton's party overturned a large SNP majority in Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch, where former deputy first minister Kate Forbes was stepping down.
Cole-Hamilton said that his MSPs would "deliver change with fairness at its heart".
The SNP has defied political gravity by winning a fifth consecutive term in office.
Yes, John Swinney's party has fallen short of their self-imposed goal of securing an outright majority - but the Holyrood system makes that an incredibly tall order.
And they will finish miles clear of a hopelessly fractured pack of opposition parties.
Labour and the Conservatives are each in a desperate position, with the former having lost seats at every Holyrood poll since 1999 and the latter scoring their worst ever result.
Reform UK meanwhile have come from nowhere to tie with Labour in second place. Having sparked frequent confrontations and fiery rhetoric during the campaign, they may have a similarly explosive impact on the new term of parliament.
The Scottish Greens are in bouyant mood, having captured their first ever constituencies and list representation in every part of Scotland.
And the Lib Dems have shaken off the shock loss of Shetland to grab new seats from the rural Highlands to the urban central belt.
All three of those parties will feel they have growing influence, and will want to make their mark on the next five years.
